Conservation Auctions and Compliance: Theory and Evidence from Laboratory Experiments

Poster prepared for presentation at the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association 2010 AAEA,CAES, & WAEA Joint Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado, July 25-27, 2010.Auctions, Conservation contracting, Compliance, Environmental Economics and Policy, C91, D44, Q24,

Electrical Conductivities of Quaternary Molten Salts in the Sodium Fluoride-Calcium Fluoride-Barium Fluoride-Aluminum Fluoride System

Molten salts in the sodium fluoride-calcium fluoride-barium fluoride-aluminum fluoride quaternary system are known as Hurter\u27s bath and Sumitomo\u27s bath for electrolytic refining of aluminum. The specific electrical conductivities of this quaternary molten salt system have been measured. 1) The specific conductivities of NaF-AlF_3 binary molten salts are found to be 5.17～2.33 ohm^ cm^ up to the composition range of 50 wt.% AlF_3 at 1000℃, and these values agree fairly well with the values reported in other works. 2) In these quaternary molten salts, the measured values of specific conductivity are 4.13～0.73 ohm^ cm^ in the composition range of 5～20 wt.% CaF_2 and 30～50 wt.% BaF_2 at 950℃. 3) When the weight percent of added CaF_2 and BaF_2 is kept constant, the specific conductivities of this quaternary molten salt system decrease almost linearly with an increase in AlF_3 content. Similarly, the values decrease with increase in the contents of CaF and BaF_2 4) In this quaternary molten salt system, such compounds as Na_3AlF_6, NaAlF_4, Na_5 Al_3F_ NaCaAlF_6 NaBaAlF_6, CaAlF_5 and BaAlF_5 are formed and several complex ions including AlF_6^ and AlF_4^- are considered to exist. The structures of the molten state are not clearly known. The validity law in the electrical conductivity by each component are questioned. 5) The specific conductivities of Hurter\u27s and Sumitomo\u27s baths have been measured at 750～950℃ as 0.96～1.25 ohm^ cm^ and 0.87～1.10 ohm^ cm^, respectively. 6) Experimental evidence shows the possibility that some other composition range in this quaternary system can be used as an electrolyte of aluminum refining, besides Hurter\u27s or Sumitomo\u27s bath

Evaporation Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of R32 inside Small-diameter 4.0 mm Tubes

Experiments were conducted examining pressure drop and heat transfer for flow boiling inside horizontal smooth and two internally helical-grooved small-diameter tubes with outer diameter of 4.0 mm. The geometric parameters of internally helical-grooved tubes are the groove number of 25 and 40, helix angle of 16 and 17 °, fin height of 0.1 and 0.2 mm. The heat transfer and pressure drop are measured in a range of mass velocities from 50 to 400 kg/(m2s) and a range of heat fluxes from 5 to 20 kW/m2 at saturation temperature 15 °C. The pressure drop of microfin tubes were 1.1 - 2.0 times than the smooth tube. The heat transfer coefficient of microfin tubes were 1.3 - 6.5 times than the smooth tube. The pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics of the internally helical-grooved tubes for evaporation flow were examined and compared with those of the smooth tube

R4C: A Benchmark for Evaluating RC Systems to Get the Right Answer for the Right Reason

Recent studies have revealed that reading comprehension (RC) systems learn to exploit annotation artifacts and other biases in current datasets. This prevents the community from reliably measuring the progress of RC systems. To address this issue, we introduce R4C, a new task for evaluating RC systems' internal reasoning. R4C requires giving not only answers but also derivations: explanations that justify predicted answers. We present a reliable, crowdsourced framework for scalably annotating RC datasets with derivations. We create and publicly release the R4C dataset, the first, quality-assured dataset consisting of 4.6k questions, each of which is annotated with 3 reference derivations (i.e. 13.8k derivations). Experiments show that our automatic evaluation metrics using multiple reference derivations are reliable, and that R4C assesses different skills from an existing benchmark.Comment: Accepted by ACL2020. See https://naoya-i.github.io/r4c/ for more informatio

Impact of environmental asymmetry on epithelial morphogenesis

Epithelial folding is a universal biological phenomenon in morphogenesis, typical examples being brain gyri, villi of the intestinal tract, and imaginal discs in invertebrates. During epithelial morphogenesis, the physical constraints imposed by the surrounding microenvironment on epithelial tissue play critical roles in folding morphology. In this study, we focused on the asymmetry of the environmental constraints sandwiching the epithelial sheet and introduced the degree of asymmetry, which indicates whether the basal or apical side of the epithelium is closer to the constraint wall. Then, we investigated the relationship between the degree of asymmetry and epithelial folding morphology using three-dimensional vertex simulations. The results show that the folding patterns of the epithelial sheets change from spot patterns to labyrinth patterns and then to hole patterns as the degree of asymmetry changes. Furthermore, we examined the pattern formation in terms of the equation of out-of-plane displacement of the sheet derived from the mechanical energy functional

Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Characteristics of R32 inside a Horizontal Small-diameter Microfin Tube

Currently, the development of high-performance and compact heat exchangers using small diameter tubes of hydraulic diameter less than 5 mm is required to improve the performance of heat exchanger and reduce the charge amount of refrigerant for air-conditioning systems. For microfin tubes, the tube diameter become smaller, however, the effects of surface tension and shear stress on boiling heat transfer and flow characteristics in small diameter tubes are different from those in conventional large diameter tubes. This study experimentally investigates the flow boiling heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of low global warming potential refrigerant R32 in horizontal small-diameter microfin tube with 3.0 mm outer diameter and 2.6 mm mean diameter. The flow boiling heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics are measured in a range of mass velocities from 50 to 400 kg/(m2 s) and a range of heat fluxes from 5 to 20 kW/m2 at saturation temperature of 15°C. The flow boiling heat transfer characteristics were compared with those of the 4 mm microfin tube